Liquid Biopsy: Important Things to Know About

Liquid biopsy tests' usefulness in cancer diagnosis offers promising results and shifts the focus of cancer therapy in that direction. In clinical practice, tissue biopsy is currently the most commonly utilized invasive molecular analysis method for cancer diagnosis. In this blog, let’s explore the essential things to understand about this biopsy.

Integration of artificial intelligence in liquid biopsy analysis is estimated to drive market expansion. Additionally, according to a research report by Astute Analytica, the United States Liquid Biopsy Market is likely to surge at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 13.68% over the forecast period from 2023 to 2031.

Here is the list of biomarkers for liquid biopsy that will change the future:

Tumor-educated platelets (TEPs): TEPs, or tumor-educated platelets, are an additional liquid biopsy biomarker. TEPs are platelets that have undergone alteration as a result of a malignancy. Tumor cells change the RNA profile of these platelets, and PETs serve as a transporter and protective against metastasis. A cancer diagnosis may be made using the modified mRNA in TEPs. Anucleate cells derived from megakaryocytes, and platelets are essential for both local and systemic reactions to tumor progression.

Circulating nucleic acids: CtDNA is the name given to the DNA that tumor cells release into the circulation of cancer patients either through necrosis, apoptosis, or active release. It usually leaves the blood in a matter of hours thanks to nuclease action, the spleen and liver, and kidney elimination.

Large-scale cancer patient screening from a population of healthy persons may be made possible by tumor-specific mutations in the ctDNA sequence. The size of the tumor and the cancer stage can be correlated with the amount of ctDNA in the plasma.

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Circulating free DNA (cfDNA): DNA fragments (50–200 bp) that have been degraded and released into the blood plasma of cancer patients are known as circulating free DNA (cfDNA). disease patients have been discovered to have higher quantities of cfDNAs than healthy individuals, and these concentrations have been found to grow with the stages of the disease.

The primary problem with using it as a liquid biopsy diagnostic cancer biomarker is that its concentration can be found in pregnancy, injuries, and certain non-pathological cancer conditions such as diabetes, infections, and inflammation.

Extracellular Vesicles (EVs): Extracellular vesicles, or EVs, are emerging as essential intercellular mediators controlling cell metabolism and tumor growth. Exosomes, which are small EVs (less than 200 nm), microvesicles, shed bodies, exosomes, and microparticles, which are large or medium EVs (more than 200 nm) are the two primary categories of EVs. The late endocytic process produces exosomes, which are tiny, nanoscale EVs that contain a wide range of components, including RNAs, proteins, and bits of DNA.

miRNAs: These are the most prevalent endogenous short non-coding RNAs (21–25 bps) that are in the bloodstream. They are transported by TEPs and exosomes and can function as oncogenes. They play a significant part in the development of treatment resistance and tumor progression. Exosomal miRNAs have different concentrations and compositions in solid tumors compared to healthy individuals, and these differences could make them novel potential biomarkers for various cancer types in terms of diagnosis, prognosis, and prediction.