How is head and neck cancer diagnosed?

Diagnosis of head and neck cancer typically involves several steps and may include the following procedures:

Medical History and Physical Examination: A detailed history is taken to understand symptoms, risk factors (such as tobacco and alcohol use), and any family history of Cancer Doctor in Jaipur. A thorough physical examination is conducted, focusing on the head, neck, throat, and lymph nodes.
Endoscopy: A flexible or rigid endoscope is used to examine the inside of the nose, throat, and larynx (voice box). This allows doctors to visualize any abnormal areas or lesions that may indicate cancer.
Imaging Tests: Various imaging tests may be used to determine the extent of the cancer and whether it has spread . These may include:

CT Scan (Computed Tomography): Provides detailed cross-sectional images of the head and neck.
MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging): Uses magnetic fields to create detailed images of tissues.
PET Scan (Positron Emission Tomography): Helps to detect cancer cells throughout the body by using a small amount of radioactive glucose .

Biopsy: This is the definitive way to diagnose cancer. A sample of tissue is taken from the suspicious area (often guided by endoscopy or imaging) and examined under a microscope by a pathologist to determine if cancer cells are present. Types of biopsies include :

Fine-Needle Aspiration (FNA): A thin needle is used to remove a small sample of tissue or fluid.
Core Needle Biopsy: A larger needle is used to remove a core of tissue.
Surgical Biopsy: A small surgical procedure to remove a larger piece of tissue.

Laboratory Tests: Blood tests and other lab tests may be done to assess overall health, liver function, and kidney function, which can help determine treatment options.
Genetic Testing: In some cases, genetic tests may be done to analyze genes for mutations that could predispose to certain types of cancer or influence treatment decisions.

Once diagnosed, the stage of the cancer is determined based on how far it has spread (if at all), which helps guide treatment decisions. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or a combination depending on the type and stage of the cancer .