• Extreme Cold Temperature: Direct contact with skin can cause severe frostbite and cryogenic burns, leading to serious tissue damage similar to thermal burns.

• Rapid Expansion: Nitrogen gas can displace oxygen in the air, leading to asphyxiation in enclosed spaces. The rapid expansion can also cause pressure build-up in sealed containers, potentially leading to explosions.

• Material Brittleness: Exposure to liquid nitrogen can make materials like rubber, plastic, and certain metals brittle and prone to shattering, posing additional hazards.

• Condensed Oxygen: Oxygen from the air can condense on surfaces cooled by liquid nitrogen, creating a highly flammable environment and increasing fire risks.

• Handling and Transport: There is a risk of spills and splashes, which can cause severe injuries if protective clothing is not worn.

• Ventilation: Adequate airflow is essential in areas where liquid nitrogen is used to prevent oxygen displacement and ensure safety.

• Protective Equipment: Insulated gloves and safety goggles are crucial to protect against splashes and direct contact.

• Training and Awareness: Individuals handling liquid nitrogen should be properly trained in its safe use and emergency procedures.

• First Aid Measures: Emergency procedures should be in place for cryogenic burns and asphyxiation incidents, and prompt medical treatment should be available for any injuries related to liquid nitrogen exposure.

• Environment Control: Liquid nitrogen should be used in controlled environments with measures to handle accidental releases and prevent environmental damage.