In vitro fertilization (IVF) has enabled countless couples to overcome infertility and achieve their dream of having a child. However, like any medical procedure, In vitro fertilization (IVF) carries a range of risks and potential complications. Understanding these risks can help prospective parents make informed decisions and take steps to mitigate potential problems.

1. Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome (OHSS)

• One of the most common risks associated with IVF is Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome (OHSS). This condition occurs when the ovaries respond too vigorously to the fertility medications used to stimulate egg production.
• In rare cases, OHSS can lead to serious complications such as kidney failure or fluid accumulation in the chest and abdomen.

2. Multiple Pregnancies

IVF increases the likelihood of multiple pregnancies (twins, triplets, or more) due to the practice of transferring more than one embryo to increase the chances of success. Multiple pregnancies carry higher risks for both the mother and the babies, including:

• Preterm birth
• Low birth weight
• Gestational diabetes
• Preeclampsia
• Increased need for cesarean delivery

To minimize this risk, many clinics now adopt single embryo transfer (SET) protocols, especially for women under 35 with good prognosis.

3. Ectopic Pregnancy

An ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus, typically in a fallopian tube. Although relatively rare, IVF can slightly increase the risk of ectopic pregnancy. Symptoms include sharp abdominal pain, vaginal bleeding, and dizziness.

4. Miscarriage

The risk of miscarriage in IVF pregnancies is similar to that of natural pregnancies and is influenced by factors such as maternal age and embryo quality. Women over the age of 35 have a higher risk of miscarriage.

5. Birth Defects and Developmental Issues

Some studies suggest a slightly increased risk of birth defects and developmental issues in children conceived through IVF, although the absolute risk remains low.

6. Emotional and Psychological Stress

The IVF process can be emotionally and psychologically taxing. The stress of multiple cycles, the financial burden, and the uncertainty of the outcome can lead to anxiety, depression, and relationship strain.

7. Procedural Complications

The medical procedures involved in IVF, such as egg retrieval and embryo transfer, carry inherent risks. Complications from egg retrieval may include:

• Bleeding
• Infection
• Injury to surrounding organs

Embryo transfer is generally a low-risk procedure, but there can be minor discomfort or cramping.

8. Financial Strain

IVF is a costly procedure, often requiring multiple cycles to achieve a successful pregnancy. The financial burden can be significant, especially in countries where IVF is not covered by insurance.