Our kidneys are often unsung heroes, working tirelessly behind the scenes to keep our bodies in balance. They filter waste products, regulate blood pressure, and maintain essential nutrient levels — all vital functions that we often take for granted. However, kidney diseases are a growing concern in India, affecting millions of people and posing a significant health burden. The good news is that with the right knowledge and lifestyle choices, we can empower ourselves to protect these vital organs and maintain optimal kidney health.
This comprehensive guide will walk you through everything you need to know about your kidneys — their functions, importance, and the 8 essential steps you can take to keep them healthy. We’ll also discuss early signs of kidney problems, prevention tips for kidney stones, and answer common questions about kidney health in the Indian context. Let’s dive in and discover the power of kidney care!
Understanding Your Kidneys: Functions and Importance
Your kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped organs located on either side of your spine, just below your rib cage. While they’re relatively small, their role in maintaining your overall health is immense.
The Kidney’s Essential Functions
Your kidneys perform several vital functions, including:
- Filtering Waste and Excess Fluids: As blood passes through your kidneys, they filter out waste products like urea and creatinine, as well as excess water and electrolytes. These waste products are then excreted from your body as urine.
- Regulating Blood Pressure: Kidneys play a key role in regulating blood pressure by controlling the balance of fluids and electrolytes in your body. They also produce an enzyme called renin, which helps regulate blood pressure.
- Maintaining Electrolyte Balance: Kidneys help maintain the right balance of electrolytes, such as sodium, potassium, calcium, and phosphorus, in your blood. This is essential for proper muscle and nerve function, as well as maintaining fluid balance.
- Producing Hormones: Kidneys produce several hormones that play important roles in your body, including:
- Erythropoietin: Stimulates the production of red blood cells in your bone marrow.
- Renin: Regulates blood pressure.
- Calcitriol: The active form of vitamin D, which helps maintain calcium balance and bone health.
Why Healthy Kidneys are Vital
Healthy kidneys are essential for overall health and well-being. When your kidneys are functioning properly, they help:
- Remove waste products and toxins from your body.
- Regulate blood pressure and fluid balance.
- Maintain electrolyte levels.
- Support bone health.
- Promote red blood cell production.
When your kidneys are not working well, waste products and fluids can build up in your body, leading to serious health problems like high blood pressure, heart disease, anemia, and even kidney failure.
Understanding the functions and importance of your kidneys is crucial for appreciating the value of kidney health and taking proactive steps to protect these vital organs.
8 Essential Steps to Maintain Optimal Kidney Health
Taking care of your kidneys is an investment in your long-term well-being. By adopting these eight essential steps, you can empower yourself to protect these vital organs and maintain their optimal function.
Stay Hydrated
Water is essential for your kidneys to function properly. It helps flush out waste products and toxins from your body through urine. When you’re dehydrated, your kidneys have to work harder to filter waste, which can put a strain on them over time.
How much water should you drink?
The general recommendation is to drink at least 8 glasses of water per day (about 2 liters). However, your individual needs may vary depending on your age, activity level, climate, and overall health. If you’re sweating a lot due to exercise or hot weather, you’ll need to drink more water to compensate for fluid loss.
Hydrating Foods
In addition to drinking water, you can also increase your fluid intake through hydrating foods. Some excellent options include:
- Watermelon: This juicy fruit is 92% water and also contains electrolytes like potassium, which are essential for kidney function.
- Cucumber: Cucumbers are a refreshing and hydrating vegetable with high water content (about 96%).
- Oranges: These citrus fruits are not only packed with vitamin C but also contain a good amount of water (87%).
- Spinach: This leafy green is a nutritional powerhouse, providing water (91%), potassium, and other essential nutrients that support kidney health.
Tip: If you find plain water boring, try adding a squeeze of lemon or lime, a few slices of cucumber, or some fresh mint leaves for a flavorful twist. You can also opt for herbal teas like chamomile or hibiscus, which can be hydrating and have additional health benefits.
Remember, staying hydrated is a simple yet powerful way to keep your kidneys healthy and happy. Make it a habit to drink water throughout the day and incorporate hydrating foods into your diet.
Eat a Kidney-Friendly Diet
Just like a well-tuned engine needs the right fuel, your kidneys thrive on a balanced and nutritious diet. The food you eat can significantly impact your kidney health, either supporting their function or putting them under strain. Let’s explore how you can nourish your kidneys with a kidney-friendly Indian diet.
The Power of a Balanced Diet
A balanced diet provides your body with the essential nutrients it needs while minimizing the intake of substances that can harm your kidneys. Focus on these key components:
- Fruits and Vegetables: These are packed with antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals that support kidney health. Aim for 5–7 servings of fruits and vegetables daily.
- Whole Grains: Choose whole-wheat bread, brown rice, oats, and millets over refined grains. They are rich in fiber, which can help regulate blood pressure and blood sugar levels, both crucial for kidney health.
- Lean Protein: Opt for lean protein sources like fish, chicken, tofu, lentils, and beans. These provide essential amino acids for cell repair and growth without overburdening your kidneys.
Indian Superfoods for Kidney Health
Indian cuisine is a treasure trove of ingredients that are particularly beneficial for your kidneys:
- Cauliflower: Low in potassium and phosphorus, making it a great choice for people with kidney problems.
- Berries: Packed with antioxidants and anti-inflammatory properties that can protect your kidneys from damage.
- Fish: Rich in omega-3 fatty acids, which can help lower blood pressure and reduce inflammation.
- Turmeric: A spice with potent anti-inflammatory properties that may help protect kidney function.
Tips for Cooking Healthy Indian Meals
- Reduce Salt Intake: High salt intake can raise blood pressure and put a strain on your kidneys. Limit your salt intake to less than 5 grams (about 1 teaspoon) per day. Avoid processed foods, packaged snacks, and restaurant meals, which are often high in sodium.
- Use Herbs and Spices: Instead of salt, flavour your food with herbs and spices like cumin, coriander, ginger, garlic, and turmeric. These not only add flavour but also have potential health benefits.
- Choose Healthy Cooking Methods: Opt for grilling, baking, steaming, or stir-frying over deep-frying. This reduces the amount of oil used in cooking and makes your meals healthier.
- Portion Control: Be mindful of your portion sizes and avoid overeating. Use smaller plates and bowls to help control your intake.
By embracing a balanced and kidney-friendly Indian diet, you’re not just nourishing your body; you’re also protecting your kidneys and promoting their long-term health. Remember, small changes to your diet can have a big impact on your overall well-being.
Sources
Maintain a Healthy Weight
Maintaining a healthy weight is more than just about looking good; it’s a crucial factor in safeguarding your kidney health. Excess weight, particularly obesity, puts a significant strain on your kidneys and increases your risk of developing chronic kidney disease (CKD).
The Connection Between Obesity and Kidney Disease
Obesity is associated with various health problems, including high blood pressure, diabetes, and heart disease — all of which can damage your kidneys over time. Additionally, carrying excess weight forces your kidneys to work harder to filter waste products and toxins, leading to potential damage.
Research Facts:
- Studies have shown that obese individuals have a higher risk of developing CKD compared to those with a healthy weight.
- A large-scale study published in the Journal of the American Society of Nephrology found that obesity increases the risk of kidney failure by up to 83%.
- Another study published in The Lancet reported that obesity was associated with a 2.6-fold increased risk of developing end-stage renal disease (ESRD), a condition where the kidneys fail completely.
Practical Tips for Weight Management
Achieving and maintaining a healthy weight can significantly reduce your risk of kidney disease. Here are some tips to get you started:
- Portion Control: Be mindful of your portion sizes. Use smaller plates and bowls, and avoid going back for seconds.
- Regular Exercise: Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise per week. This could include brisk walking, jogging, cycling, swimming, or dancing.
- Choose Healthy Foods: Fill your plate with fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean protein sources. Limit processed foods, sugary drinks, and unhealthy fats.
- Consult a Dietician: A registered dietician can help you create a personalized meal plan that suits your needs and preferences.
Weight Loss-Friendly Indian Recipes
Indian cuisine offers a plethora of healthy and delicious options that can support your weight loss goals. Here are a few examples:
- Vegetable Upma
- Moong Dal Khichdi
- Mixed Vegetable Sambar
- Baked Fish with Tandoori Masala
- Chicken Salad with Sprouts
Remember, sustainable weight loss is a gradual process. Focus on making healthy choices and adopting a lifestyle that you can maintain in the long run.
Control Blood Pressure
High blood pressure, also known as hypertension, is a major risk factor for kidney disease. When your blood pressure is high, the force of blood flowing through your kidneys can damage the delicate blood vessels and filtering units within these organs. Over time, this damage can lead to chronic kidney disease (CKD), and in severe cases, kidney failure.
The Connection Between High Blood Pressure and Kidney Disease
High blood pressure can damage the blood vessels in your kidneys, making them narrower and less efficient at filtering waste products and excess fluid from your blood. This can trigger a vicious cycle, as damaged kidneys may further contribute to high blood pressure. According to a study published in the Journal of Hypertension, each 10 mm Hg increase in systolic blood pressure is associated with a 13% increased risk of developing CKD.
Regular Blood Pressure Checks are Essential
To protect your kidneys, it’s crucial to monitor your blood pressure regularly. If you have high blood pressure, your doctor may prescribe medications to bring it under control. These medications can help protect your kidneys from further damage and reduce your risk of developing CKD.
6 Proven Tips for Managing High Blood Pressure Naturally: Your Guide to a Healthier Heart
Lifestyle Changes to Lower Blood Pressure
In addition to medication, lifestyle changes can significantly impact your blood pressure levels:
- Reduce Salt Intake: Limit your sodium intake to less than 5 grams (about 1 teaspoon) per day. Avoid processed foods, packaged snacks, and restaurant meals, which are often high in sodium.
- Eat a Healthy Diet: Follow a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean protein sources.
- Take Multivitamin Supplements: As the daily diet cannot provide all the nutrients and vitamins, it is recommended to take vitamin supplements. Check out our Health & Wellness category to get the best quality Multivitamins at affordable prices. You can take Geomax 4G Capsules for good results.
- Exercise Regularly: Aim for at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise most days of the week. Brisk walking, jogging, cycling, swimming, and dancing are all excellent options.
- Maintain a Healthy Weight: If you’re overweight or obese, losing even a small amount of weight can make a big difference in your blood pressure.
- Limit Alcohol: Excessive alcohol consumption can raise blood pressure. Stick to the recommended limits (no more than two drinks per day for men and one drink per day for women).
- Quit Smoking: Smoking damages blood vessels and raises blood pressure. Quitting smoking is one of the best things you can do for your heart and kidney health.
By managing your blood pressure effectively, you’re not just protecting your heart; you’re also safeguarding your kidneys from potential damage and ensuring their optimal function for years to come.
Manage Diabetes
Diabetes, a widespread metabolic disorder in India, poses a significant threat to kidney health. If you have diabetes, managing your blood sugar levels is crucial for preventing kidney damage. Over time, high blood sugar can harm the delicate filtering units of your kidneys, leading to a condition called diabetic nephropathy or diabetic kidney disease.
The Link Between Diabetes and Kidney Disease
When your blood sugar levels are consistently high, the tiny blood vessels in your kidneys can become damaged. This impairs their ability to filter waste products effectively, allowing proteins to leak into your urine. This proteinuria is an early sign of kidney damage. If left uncontrolled, diabetes can progress to chronic kidney disease (CKD) and eventually, kidney failure.
Research Facts:
- According to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), India has the second-highest number of adults living with diabetes globally, with an estimated 77 million cases in 2019.
- Studies show that individuals with diabetes are at a significantly higher risk of developing kidney disease compared to those without diabetes.
- The National Kidney Foundation reports that diabetes is the leading cause of kidney failure, accounting for approximately 44% of new cases in the United States.
Managing Diabetes Through Diet and Exercise: Tips and Healthy Recipe Suggest
Managing Diabetes for Kidney Health
To protect your kidneys from the damaging effects of diabetes, it’s crucial to keep your blood sugar levels within a healthy range. This involves:
- Regular Monitoring: Monitor your blood sugar levels regularly as advised by your doctor.
- Medication Adherence: If you’re taking medication for diabetes, follow your doctor’s instructions carefully and take your medication as prescribed.
- Healthy Diet: Choose a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean protein. Limit sugary drinks, processed foods, and refined carbohydrates.
- Regular Exercise: Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise per week. Exercise helps regulate blood sugar levels and improves insulin sensitivity.
- Weight Management: If you’re overweight or obese, losing even a small amount of weight can help improve blood sugar control and protect your kidneys.
- Regular Checkups: Visit your doctor for regular checkups and kidney function tests to monitor your kidney health and detect any early signs of damage.
By actively managing your diabetes and working closely with your healthcare team, you can significantly reduce your risk of developing kidney complications and maintain optimal kidney health.
Limit Over-the-Counter Painkillers (NSAIDs)
While over-the-counter painkillers like ibuprofen and naproxen (NSAIDs) can provide relief from aches and pains, their frequent or long-term use can pose risks to your kidney health.
How NSAIDs Affect Your Kidneys
NSAIDs work by reducing inflammation and pain, but they also decrease blood flow to the kidneys. Over time, this reduced blood flow can damage the kidneys and lead to acute kidney injury (AKI) or chronic kidney disease (CKD).
Risk Factors for NSAID-Induced Kidney Damage
Certain individuals are at higher risk of developing kidney problems from NSAID use:
- Elderly Individuals: As we age, our kidneys naturally become less efficient.
- People with Pre-existing Kidney Disease: Individuals with underlying kidney problems are more susceptible to further damage.
- Dehydration: When you’re dehydrated, the risk of NSAID-induced kidney injury increases.
- High Doses or Long-Term Use: Taking high doses of NSAIDs or using them for extended periods can increase the risk of kidney damage.
Alternative Pain Relief Options
If you need pain relief, consider these safer alternatives to NSAIDs:
- Acetaminophen (Paracetamol): Generally considered safer for the kidneys than NSAIDs, but it’s important to use it as directed and not exceed the recommended dosage.
- Heat Therapy: Applying heat to the affected area can help relax muscles and reduce pain.
- Topical Analgesics: Creams or gels containing menthol or capsaicin can provide localized pain relief.
Consult Your Doctor for Chronic Pain
If you experience chronic pain, it’s important to consult your doctor to discuss the best pain management options for you. They can help you weigh the risks and benefits of different medications and recommend the safest and most effective approach for your individual needs.
Remember:
- Use NSAIDs sparingly and only when necessary.
- Avoid taking NSAIDs if you’re dehydrated or have a history of kidney problems.
- Talk to your doctor about alternative pain relief options if you have chronic pain.
- Always follow the recommended dosage and duration of use for any over-the-counter medication.
By being mindful of your medication use and seeking safer alternatives when possible, you can take a proactive approach to protecting your kidney health.
Don’t Smoke
Smoking is detrimental to your overall health, and your kidneys are no exception. The toxic chemicals in cigarette smoke can significantly damage your kidneys and increase your risk of developing chronic kidney disease (CKD) and other kidney-related problems.
The Damaging Effects of Smoking on Kidneys
- Reduced Blood Flow: Smoking narrows the blood vessels in your kidneys, reducing blood flow and oxygen supply. This can impair their ability to filter waste products effectively.
- Increased Blood Pressure: Smoking raises blood pressure, a major risk factor for kidney damage. The nicotine in cigarettes constricts blood vessels, making your heart work harder to pump blood.
- Proteinuria: Smoking can damage the filters in your kidneys, leading to proteinuria, a condition where protein leaks into your urine. This is an early sign of kidney damage.
- Faster Progression of Kidney Disease: If you already have kidney disease, smoking can accelerate its progression, leading to kidney failure sooner.
Research Facts:
- Studies have consistently shown that smokers have a higher risk of developing CKD compared to non-smokers.
- A meta-analysis published in the Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology found that smoking increases the risk of CKD by 40%.
- The National Kidney Foundation states that smoking doubles the risk of kidney failure in people with diabetes.
Quitting Smoking: A Gift to Your Kidneys
Quitting smoking is one of the most important steps you can take to protect your kidney health. The benefits of quitting are substantial:
- Improved Kidney Function: Within a few months of quitting, your kidney function can start to improve.
- Reduced Risk of Complications: Quitting smoking lowers your risk of developing serious kidney complications like kidney failure.
- Better Blood Pressure Control: Quitting smoking can help lower your blood pressure, further protecting your kidneys.
If you’re a smoker, talk to your doctor about strategies and resources available to help you quit. Various cessation programs, medications, and counseling services can support you on your journey to a smoke-free life.
Remember, quitting smoking is not only an investment in your kidney health but also in your overall well-being. It’s never too late to make this positive change!
Get Regular Checkups
Prevention is always better than cure, and this holds especially true for kidney health. Regular checkups play a crucial role in early detection of kidney problems, allowing for timely intervention and treatment before the damage becomes irreversible.
The Importance of Regular Health Checkups
Even if you feel perfectly healthy, regular health checkups are essential for maintaining optimal kidney health. These checkups can help detect early signs of kidney disease, even before you experience any symptoms. Early detection is key to preventing kidney disease from progressing to kidney failure.
Who Should Get Regular Kidney Checkups?
While everyone should prioritize regular health checkups, certain individuals are at higher risk for kidney disease and may need more frequent screenings. These include:
- People with diabetes: Diabetes is the leading cause of kidney failure worldwide. If you have diabetes, it’s crucial to get your kidney function checked regularly.
- Individuals with high blood pressure: High blood pressure can damage blood vessels in the kidneys and lead to CKD.
- People with a family history of kidney disease: If you have a family history of kidney disease, you may be at higher risk and should get screened regularly.
- Individuals over 60 years of age: Kidney function naturally declines with age, so older adults should get regular checkups.
- People with other medical conditions: Certain conditions like heart disease, autoimmune diseases, and urinary tract infections can increase the risk of kidney problems.
Screening Tests for Kidney Function
Several tests can assess your kidney function and detect early signs of kidney disease:
- Urine Tests: A simple urine test can check for protein or albumin in your urine, which can be a sign of kidney damage.
- Blood Tests: A blood test can measure your glomerular filtration rate (GFR), an indicator of how well your kidneys are filtering waste.
- Imaging Tests: Ultrasound or CT scans can provide detailed images of your kidneys and help detect any abnormalities.
Frequency of Checkups
The frequency of kidney checkups depends on your individual risk factors. Your doctor will recommend the appropriate schedule for you. Check out our excellent article on this topic here.
Remember, early detection is key to preventing kidney disease from progressing to a more severe stage. Don’t wait for symptoms to appear — take charge of your kidney health by scheduling regular checkups with your doctor.
Recognizing the Signs of Kidney Problems
Kidney diseases often develop silently, without noticeable symptoms in the early stages. This is why regular checkups and screening tests are crucial for early detection. However, as kidney function declines, certain signs and symptoms may start to emerge. Recognizing these early warning signs can help you seek timely medical attention and prevent further damage.
Early Symptoms of Kidney Problems
Keep an eye out for these common early signs of kidney problems:
- Changes in Urination:
- Increased frequency of urination, especially at night (nocturia)
- Foamy or bubbly urine
- Blood in the urine (hematuria)
- Difficulty urinating or reduced urine output
- Fatigue and Weakness:
- Feeling constantly tired and weak, even after getting enough sleep
- Difficulty concentrating or decreased mental sharpness
- Swelling (Edema):
- Swelling in the feet, ankles, legs, or hands due to fluid retention
- Loss of Appetite and Nausea:
- Feeling less hungry than usual
- Nausea and vomiting
- Skin Problems:
- Dry, itchy skin
- Skin rashes or discoloration
- Muscle Cramps and Pain:
- Frequent muscle cramps, especially in the legs
- Unexplained muscle pain or weakness
When to See a Doctor
If you experience any of the above symptoms, or if you have risk factors for kidney disease (diabetes, high blood pressure, family history), it’s important to consult your doctor as soon as possible. Early diagnosis and treatment can significantly improve outcomes and prevent kidney disease from progressing to a more severe stage.
Your doctor may conduct a thorough physical examination and order various tests, such as:
- Urine tests: To check for protein or blood in your urine.
- Blood tests: To measure your glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and creatinine levels, which indicate how well your kidneys are functioning.
- Imaging tests: Ultrasound or CT scans can help visualize your kidneys and detect any abnormalities.
Remember, early intervention is key when it comes to kidney health. Don’t ignore any unusual symptoms or delay seeking medical advice. Your kidneys are vital organs, and taking care of them is essential for your overall well-being.
Kidney Stones: Prevention and Treatment
Kidney stones are a common and often painful condition that affects many Indians. These hard deposits form in your kidneys when certain substances in your urine become concentrated and crystallize. While they can cause excruciating pain, understanding their causes and prevention strategies can help you avoid this unpleasant experience.
What Are Kidney Stones?
Kidney stones, also known as renal calculi, are hard deposits made of minerals and salts that form inside your kidneys. They can vary in size from a grain of sand to a golf ball. When these stones pass through your urinary tract, they can cause severe pain, nausea, vomiting, and blood in the urine.
Types of Kidney Stones
There are four main types of kidney stones:
- Calcium Oxalate Stones: These are the most common type, formed when calcium combines with oxalate, a substance found in many foods.
- Uric Acid Stones: These form when there is too much uric acid in your urine, often due to a diet high in purines (found in red meat and organ meats).
- Struvite Stones: These are less common and typically occur in people with urinary tract infections.
- Cystine Stones: These are rare and caused by a genetic disorder that leads to excess cystine in the urine.
Tips for Preventing Kidney Stones
The good news is that kidney stones can often be prevented with simple lifestyle changes:
- Drink Plenty of Water: Staying hydrated is the most crucial step in preventing kidney stones. Aim to drink at least 2–3 liters of water per day. This helps dilute your urine and prevents minerals and salts from concentrating and forming stones.
- Limit Salt and Animal Protein Intake: A high-salt diet can increase the amount of calcium in your urine, leading to the formation of calcium oxalate stones. Similarly, a diet high in animal protein can raise uric acid levels, contributing to uric acid stones.
- Increase Citrate Intake: Citrate, found in citrus fruits like lemons and oranges, can help prevent kidney stones by binding with calcium in the urine, making it less likely to form crystals.
- Eat a Balanced Diet: A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains can provide essential nutrients and help maintain a healthy urine pH, reducing the risk of stone formation.
- Maintain a Healthy Weight: Obesity is a risk factor for kidney stones. Losing even a small amount of weight can significantly reduce your risk.
Sources
Treatment Options for Kidney Stones
The treatment for kidney stones depends on their size, type, and location. Here’s an overview of the common treatment options:
Small Stones:
- Increased Fluid Intake: Drinking plenty of water (2–3 liters per day) can help flush out small stones. Your doctor may also recommend drinking lemon juice or lemonade, as citrate can help prevent stone formation.
- Pain Medication: Over-the-counter pain relievers like ibuprofen or acetaminophen can help manage the pain associated with passing a stone.
- Alpha-Blockers: These medications relax the muscles in your ureter, making it easier for the stone to pass.
Larger Stones or Those Causing Complications:
- Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL): This noninvasive procedure uses shock waves to break the stone into smaller pieces that can be passed in your urine.
- Ureteroscopy: A thin, flexible tube with a camera and tools is inserted through your urethra and bladder to reach the stone. The stone can then be removed or broken into smaller pieces with a laser.
- Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy: This procedure involves making a small incision in your back and inserting a nephroscope (a thin, lighted tube) to remove or break the stone.
Prevention is the Best Medicine
While treatment options exist for kidney stones, the best approach is to prevent them from forming in the first place. By following the kidney care tips mentioned earlier, such as staying hydrated, eating a healthy diet, and limiting salt and animal protein intake, you can significantly reduce your risk of developing kidney stones.
Case Study: The Importance of Early Detection
A 45-year-old man in Delhi experienced recurrent flank pain and blood in his urine. He ignored these symptoms for months, assuming it was due to muscle strain. When the pain became unbearable, he finally consulted a doctor and was diagnosed with multiple kidney stones. Due to the delay in seeking medical attention, the stones had grown larger and required surgical intervention. This case highlights the importance of recognizing early signs of kidney problems and seeking timely medical advice to avoid complications.
Remember, prevention and early detection are crucial for maintaining optimal kidney health and avoiding painful conditions like kidney stones.
Disclaimer: All the information provided in this article or blog is purely for knowledge and informative purposes. This is not intended for replacement of any doctor advice, suggestion or medications. Please consult your doctor before you make any changes in medicines or switching to Generics.
Comments