Ancient Egypt Civilization
Egypt New Kingdom featured several prominent pharaohs who dramatically changed the history of Egypt and, in many cases, the history of the world. Egyptian leaders were addressed as kings, but during this period, Egyptian rulers officially took the title of pharaoh, a Greek modification of per-a-a, which denoted a royal house or place of residence.
Ahmose I was the first ruler of the Eighteenth Dynasty and founder of the period now known as the New Kingdom. His first and most important act as pharaoh was to expel the Hyksos and reunite a sovereign Egypt. Amenhotep I was succeeded by his son Thutmose I, who put down the Nubian rebellions and continued to expand Egypt’s influence in Palestine and Syria. Two generations later, Egypt was ruled by one of the few pharaohs, Hatshepsut. Hatshepsut’s rule, as one of Egypt’s only female leaders, was remarkable in itself. It also became one of the most distinguished leaders in Egypt for its expansion into trade and construction projects.
Following Hatshepsut’s reign and the development of trade and culture, Egypt’s next pharaoh, Thutmose III, strengthened and expanded Egypt’s military power and territorial control. The New Kingdom would also see changes in the balance of power between the priests and pharaohs which could lead to radical changes in the practice of Egyptian religion. The most important of these changes came under the rule of Akhenaten, who succeeded (but briefly) in transforming official worship in Egypt into a form of monotheism.
Nineteenth Dynasty Ramesses II, also known as Ramesses the Great, had one of the longest and most successful reigns in Egypt New Kingdom. Ramesses’s most notable and prominent military campaigns occurred in the Battle of Kadesh against the Hittites. This battle and Ramesses’ long rule strengthened the New Kingdom for generations to come.
Religion and Temples
The pharaohs of the Egypt New Kingdom embarked on ambitious building projects by adding to existing structures and creating new monuments. Many construction projects were financed by control of Nubia and its rich gold resources. Temples and obelisks served as visual expressions to local and foreign audiences of Egypt’s power and prestige.
Early in the Egypt New Kingdom, the famous Egyptian Book of the Dead was completed during the reign of Amenhotep I. A more accurate translation of the title Is The Book of Exodus by Day, a collection of incantations and inscriptions that guide the deceased. To eternal life in the afterlife. Amenhotep also established and supervised the village of craftsmen in Thebes, which was called Ba-demi.
The village of the Herfiyeen is now an important archaeological site called in Arabic Deir el-Medina. Ba-Demi served as a home for artisans working to build and decorate the Valley of the Queens and the Valley of the Kings, two important final resting places for Egyptian kings, where they were buried in elaborate underground tombs. Thutmose II, successor to Amenhotep I, continued additions to the temple at Karnak. The first construction at Karnak dates back to the earliest pre-dynastic period in Egypt, but it reached its greatest scale during the Egypt New Kingdom, particularly during the reign of Amenhotep III and Hatshepsut.
In addition to building projects, the reign of Amenhotep III witnessed a power struggle between the pharaoh and the priests of Amun. The priests of the primitive god Amun were gaining more power and prestige and were controlling more land and wealth than even the pharaoh. In the struggle for power, Amenhotep attempted to shift the center of gravity away from the priests of Amun by encouraging the worship of the other sun god, Aten. Unlike the sun god Ra (who was also associated with Amun in the dual form of Amun-Ra), Aten was represented by the sun disk itself.
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